Backup and sync are slightly different things, though both require a computer, at least fir now. Both happen automatically when you sync the iPad with iTunes.
Sync has to do with your media and apps. When your iPad is connected to iTunes and selected there are a series of pages available to set syncing for a large range of content.
Backups cover most data not covered by syncing. It includes thigs like the contents and settings of apps (not the apps themselves), system settings, contacts, calendars, picture roll, and much more. Unlike syncing there are almost no controls for backing up. If you sync, it does a backup, maintains only the most recent backup, and you can only restore the entire iPad from a backup, not specific apps or content.